Hana ʻia ʻo Plywood i ʻekolu a ʻoi aʻe paha nā ʻāpana lāʻau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi mea hoʻopili. ʻO kēlā me kēia papa o ka lāʻau, a i ʻole ka ply, ke kuhikuhi pinepine ʻia me kāna hua e holo ana ma nā kihi ʻākau i ka papa pili i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka emi ʻana a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika o ka ʻāpana i hoʻopau ʻia. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka plywood e paʻi ʻia i loko o nā pā pālahalaha nui i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kūkulu hale. Hiki ke hana ʻia nā ʻāpana lāʻau ʻē aʻe i ʻāpana maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia paha no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lako, nā waʻa, a me nā mokulele.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana lāʻau lahilahi ma ke ʻano o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana ma kahi o 1500 BC i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ai nā mea hana ʻAigupita i nā ʻāpana lahilahi o ka lāʻau ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i waho o kahi pahu kedera i loaʻa i ka hale kupapaʻu o King Tut-Ankh-Amon. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e nā Helene a me nā Roma e hana i nā lako nani a me nā mea hoʻonaninani ʻē aʻe. I ka makahiki 1600, ua kapa ʻia ke ʻano o ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i nā mea hana me nā ʻāpana lāʻau lahilahi he veneering, a ua kapa ʻia nā ʻāpana iā lākou iho he veneers.
A hiki i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1700, ua ʻoki ʻia nā ʻāpana veneer me ka lima. I ka makahiki 1797, ua noi ke kanaka Pelekania o Sir Samuel Bentham i mau patent e uhi ana i kekahi mau mīkini e hana i nā veneers. I loko o kāna mau palapala patent, ua wehewehe ʻo ia i ka manaʻo o ka laminating ʻana i kekahi mau papa o ka veneer me ke kāpili e hana i kahi ʻāpana mānoanoa-ʻo ka wehewehe mua o ka mea a mākou e kapa nei i kēia manawa i ka plywood.
ʻOiai ʻo kēia hoʻomohala ʻana, ua lawe ʻia ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā veneers laminated i nā hoʻohana pāʻoihana ma waho o ka ʻoihana lako. Ma kahi o 1890, ua hoʻohana mua ʻia nā lāʻau laminated e kūkulu i nā puka. I ka ulu ʻana o ke koi, ua hoʻomaka kekahi mau hui e hana i nā ʻāpana lāʻau laminated multi-ply, ʻaʻole wale no nā puka, akā no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa kaʻaahi, nā kaʻa a me nā mokulele. ʻOiai ʻo kēia hoʻohana nui ʻana, ʻo ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā "lāʻau pasted," e like me kā kekahi poʻe paʻahana i kapa hoʻohenehene iā lākou, ua hana i kahi kiʻi maikaʻi ʻole no ka huahana. No ke kūʻē ʻana i kēia kiʻi, ua hui nā mea hana lāʻau laminated a hoʻoholo hope i ka huaʻōlelo "plywood" e wehewehe i ka mea hou.
I ka makahiki 1928, ua ho'okomo 'ia ka pepa plywood mua loa he 4 ft a 8 ft (1.2 m me 2.4 m) ma United States no ka ho'ohana 'ana ma ke 'ano he mea hale. I nā makahiki i hala aʻe nei, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻopili i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia a me nā ʻano hana hou o ka hana ʻana i ka plywood e hoʻohana ʻia no nā ʻano hana like ʻole. I kēia lā, ua hoʻololi ka lāʻau lāʻau i ka lāʻau i ʻoki ʻia no nā kumu hana he nui, a ua lilo ka hana ʻana i ka lāʻau plywood i mau piliona kālā, ʻoihana honua.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao o waho o ka plywood ma ke ʻano he alo a me ke kua. ʻO ka maka ka ʻili e hoʻohana ʻia a ʻike ʻia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia a hūnā ʻia ke kua. ʻIke ʻia ka papa waena ʻo ke kumu. I loko o nā lāʻau pāpaʻi me ʻelima a ʻoi aʻe paha, ua ʻike ʻia nā papa waena ma ke ʻano he crossbands.
Hiki ke hana ʻia ka lāʻau pāpaʻi mai nā lāʻau paʻakikī, nā lāʻau palupalu, a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o ia mau mea ʻelua. ʻO kekahi mau lāʻau paʻakikī maʻamau, ʻo ia ka lehu, ka maple, ka mahogany, ka ʻoka, a me ka teak. ʻO ka lāʻau palupalu maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka plywood ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻo Douglas fir, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana pū ʻia kekahi mau ʻano o ka pine, kedera, spruce, a me ka ʻulaʻula.
ʻO ka plywood hui pū kekahi kumu i hana ʻia me ka papa ʻāpana a i ʻole nā ʻāpana lāʻau paʻa i hoʻohui ʻia i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao. Hoʻopau ʻia me ka maka a me ke kua o ka lāʻau plywood. Hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau ʻeleʻele ma kahi e pono ai nā lau mānoanoa.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻopili i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā papa lāʻau e pili ana i ka noi kikoʻī no ka plywood i hoʻopau ʻia. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana plywood palupalu no ka hoʻokomo ʻana ma waho o kahi hale i ka resin phenol-formaldehyde ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopili ma muli o kona ikaika maikaʻi loa a kūʻē i ka makū. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā pāpaʻi lāʻau palupalu i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i loko o kahi hale i ka protein koko a i ʻole ka mea hoʻopili protein soybean, ʻoiai ua hana ʻia ka hapa nui o nā ʻāpana lāʻau palupalu me ka resin phenol-formaldehyde hoʻokahi i hoʻohana ʻia no nā ʻili o waho. Hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau paʻa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i loko a i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā lako hana maʻamau me ka resin urea-formaldehyde.
Pono kekahi mau noi i nā pepa plywood me kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o ka plastik, metala, a i ʻole ka resin-impregnated pepa a i ʻole ka lole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka alo a i ʻole ke kua (a i ʻole nā mea ʻelua) e hāʻawi i ka ʻili o waho i ke kūpaʻa hou aku i ka makū a me ka abrasion a i ʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona mau waiwai paʻa pena. Ua kapa ʻia kēlā lāʻau lāʻau i uhi ʻia a hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka hana kūkulu, ka lawe ʻana, a me nā ʻoihana mahiʻai.
Hiki ke uhi ʻia nā ʻāpana lāʻau ʻē aʻe me kahi ʻili wai e hāʻawi i ka ʻili i kahi hiʻohiʻona paʻa, a i ʻole e mālama ʻia me nā kemika like ʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka pale ʻana o ka lapalapa a i ʻole ke kūʻē ʻana i ka pala.
ʻElua papa ākea o ka plywood, ʻo kēlā me kēia me kāna ʻōnaehana māka ponoʻī.
Hoʻokahi papa i ʻike ʻia ʻo ke kūkulu hale a me ka ʻoihana. Hoʻohana mua ʻia nā lāʻau pāpaʻi ma kēia papa no ko lākou ikaika a ua helu ʻia e ko lākou hiki ke hōʻike a me ka pae o ka veneer i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka maka a me ke kua. ʻO loko a i waho paha ka hiki ke hoʻolaha, ma muli o ke ʻano o ke kāpili. ʻO nā māka Veneer paha he N, A, B, C, a i ʻole D. He kakaikahi loa nā hemahema o ka ʻili o ka ʻili, ʻoiai he nui nā puʻupuʻu a me nā māhele o ka papa D. No ka laʻana, helu ʻia ka lāʻau plywood no ka subflooring i loko o ka hale "Interior CD". 'O ia ho'i, he maka C kona me ke kua D, a ua kūpono ke kāpili no ka ho'ohana 'ana i nā wahi i pale 'ia. Hana ʻia nā ʻāpana o loko o nā hale hana a me nā lāʻau ʻoihana mai ka papa C a i ʻole D veneer, ʻaʻohe mea o ka helu.
ʻO ka papa lāʻau ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo ka lāʻau paʻa a me ka mea hoʻonaninani. Hoʻohana mua ʻia nā lāʻau pāpaʻi ma kēia papa no ko lākou hiʻohiʻona a ua helu ʻia ma ke ʻano iho o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka makū e like me ʻenehana (waho), ʻano I (waho), ʻano II (loko), a me ke ʻano III (loko). ʻAʻohe hemahema o ko lākou mau maka.
Nui
ʻO ka mānoanoa o nā lau lāʻau lāʻau. 06 in (1.6 mm) a i 3.0 in (76 mm). ʻO ka mānoanoa maʻamau ma ka laulā 0.25 in (6.4 mm) a 0.75 in (19.0 mm). ʻOiai e hana ʻia ke kumu, nā kaula keʻa, a me ka maka a me ke kua o kahi ʻāpana lāʻau i nā veneers mānoanoa like ʻole, pono ke kaulike ka mānoanoa o kēlā me kēia a puni ke kikowaena. Eia kekahi laʻana, pono ka mānoanoa like o ka maka a me ke kua. Pēlā nō hoʻi, pono e like nā kaula o luna a me lalo.
ʻO ka nui maʻamau no nā pepa plywood i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kūkulu hale ʻana he 4 ft (1.2 m) ākea a 8 ft (2.4 m) ka lōʻihi. ʻO nā laula maʻamau ʻē aʻe he 3 ft (0.9 m) a me 5 ft (1.5 m). ʻOkoʻa ka lōʻihi mai 8 ft (2.4 m) a i 12 ft (3.6 m) ma 1 ft (0.3 m) hoʻonui. ʻO nā noi kūikawā e like me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka waʻa e pono ai i nā lau nui.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke anawaena o nā lāʻau i hana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka lāʻau. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ua kanu ʻia a ulu ʻia ma nā wahi nona ka hui plywood. Mālama maikaʻi ʻia kēia mau wahi no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ulu lāʻau a hōʻemi i ka pōʻino mai nā iniseti a i ʻole ke ahi.
Eia ke kaʻina hana maʻamau no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kumulāʻau i loko o nā pepa plywood maʻamau 4 ft a 8 ft (1.2 m a 2.4 m):
Hoʻopau mua ʻia nā lāʻau a laila ʻoki ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana peeler. No ka ʻoki ʻana i nā poloka i loko o nā ʻāpana veneer, e hoʻomoʻi mua ʻia lākou a laila ʻili ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana.
1 Ua hōʻailona ʻia nā lāʻau i wae ʻia ma kahi ʻāpana e ʻoki ʻia a kua ʻia paha. Hiki ke ʻoki ʻia me nā ʻili kaulahao i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻaila a i ʻole me nā ʻoki hydraulic nui i kau ʻia ma ke alo o nā kaʻa huila i kapa ʻia ʻo fellers. Wehe ʻia nā lālā mai nā kumu lāʻau i hāʻule me nā ʻili kaulahao.
2 Kauo ʻia nā kumu lāʻau i ʻoki ʻia, a i ʻole nā lāʻau, i kahi e hoʻouka ai e nā kaʻa huila i kapa ʻia he skidders. Ua ʻoki ʻia nā lāʻau i ka lōʻihi a ua hoʻouka ʻia ma luna o nā kaʻa no ka huakaʻi i ka wili lāʻau, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā puʻu lōʻihi i kapa ʻia ʻo nā papa lāʻau.
3 No ka mea e pono ai nā lāʻau, lawe ʻia lākou mai nā papa lāʻau e nā mea hoʻouka ʻeleʻele a kau ʻia ma luna o kahi mea lawe kaulahao e lawe ai iā lākou i ka mīkini debarking. Hoʻopau kēia mīkini i ka ʻili, me nā huila wili niho ʻoi a i ʻole me nā pahu wai kaomi kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai e hoʻohuli mālie ʻia ka lāʻau e pili ana i kona axis lōʻihi.
4 Lawe ʻia nā lāʻau i kālai ʻia i loko o ka hale wili ma kahi mea lawe kaulahao kahi e ʻoki ai ka ʻili pōʻai nui iā lākou i mau ʻāpana ma kahi o 8 ft-4 in (2.5 m) a 8 ft-6 in (2.6 m) ka lōʻihi, kūpono no ka hana ʻana i nā lau maʻamau 8 ft (2.4 m) lōʻihi. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana log he peeler blocks.
5 Ma mua o ka ʻoki ʻia ʻana o ka veneer, pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā poloka peeler a hoʻomoʻi i mea e palupalu ai ka wahie. Hiki ke puhi ʻia nā poloka i ka wai wela. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana he 12-40 mau hola ma muli o ke ʻano o ka lāʻau, ke anawaena o ka poloka, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
6 A laila lawe ʻia nā poloka peeler i hoʻomehana ʻia i ka lathe peeler, kahi e hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ai lākou a hānai ʻia i loko o ka lathe i kēlā me kēia manawa. I ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ka lathe i ka poloka me ka wikiwiki e pili ana i kona axis lōʻihi, ʻili ka pahi pahi lōʻihi i kahi ʻāpana veneer mau mai ka ʻili o ka poloka wili ma ka wikiwiki o 300-800 ft/min (90-240 m/min). Ke hoʻemi ʻia ke anawaena o ka poloka ma kahi o 3-4 in (230-305 mm), ʻo ke koena o ka ʻāpana lāʻau, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka peeler core, e hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka lathe a hāʻawi ʻia kahi poloka peeler hou i kahi.
7 Hiki ke hana koke ʻia ka ʻili lōʻihi o ka veneer e puka mai ana mai / ka mea hili ʻili, a i ʻole e mālama ʻia i loko o nā pā lōʻihi a i ʻole ka ʻeha ma nā ʻōwili. ʻO ke kaʻina hana aʻe, ʻo ia ka ʻoki ʻana i ka veneer a hiki i nā laula hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia, ma kahi o 4 ft-6 in (1.4 m), no ka hana ʻana i 4 ft (1.2 m) ākea ākea. I ka manawa like, ʻimi nā mea nānā i nā ʻāpana me nā hemahema ʻae ʻia, a ua ʻoki ʻia kēia mau mea, e waiho ana ma lalo o nā ʻāpana laula maʻamau o ka veneer.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāpana pulu o ka veneer i loko o ka ʻōwili, ʻoiai ke ʻike ʻia e ka mea ʻike maka i nā hemahema ʻae ʻole i ka lāʻau. Ke hoʻomaloʻo ʻia ka veneer a hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāpana i koho ʻia o ka veneer. Hoʻohana ʻia kahi paʻi wela e hoʻopaʻa i ka veneer i hoʻokahi ʻāpana paʻa o ka lāʻau paʻa, e ʻoki ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana me kona pae kūpono.
8 Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana o ka veneer a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e like me ka papa. Hiki ke hana ʻia me ka lima, a i ʻole e hana ʻakomi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā scanners optical.
9 Hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻāpana i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o kahi mea maloʻo e hōʻemi i ko lākou ʻano maʻamau a hiki iā lākou ke emi ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana. Hoʻohana ka hapa nui o nā wili lāʻau i kahi mea maloʻo mīkini kahi e neʻe mau ai nā ʻāpana i loko o kahi keʻena wela. I loko o kekahi mau mea maloʻo, puhi ʻia nā jet o ka wikiwiki a me ka ea wela ma luna o ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana e wikiwiki i ke kaʻina hoʻomaloʻo.
10 I ka puka ʻana o nā ʻāpana veneer mai ka mea maloʻo, hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou e like me ka papa. ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻaoʻao lalo he veneer hou aʻe i hoʻopili ʻia me ka lipine a i ʻole ke kāpili e hana i nā ʻāpana kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā papa o loko kahi i emi ʻole ai ka hiʻohiʻona a me ka ikaika.
11 ʻO kēlā mau māhele o ka veneer e hoʻokomo ʻia i nā ala keʻa—ke kumu i loko o nā ʻāpana ʻekolu, a i ʻole nā kaula keʻa ma nā ʻāpana ʻelima—ua ʻoki ʻia i ka lōʻihi ma kahi o 4 ft-3 in (1.3 m).
12 Ke hui ʻia nā ʻāpana kūpono o ka veneer no kahi holo o ka lāʻau, hoʻomaka ka hana o ka waiho ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻāpana. Hiki ke hana me ka lima a i ʻole semi-aunoa me nā mīkini. Ma ka hihia maʻalahi o nā ʻāpana ʻekolu-ply, waiho ʻia ka veneer hope a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, kahi e hoʻopili ai i kahi papa o ke kāpili i ka ʻili o luna. A laila, waiho ʻia nā ʻāpana pōkole o ka veneer kumu ma nā ala ʻē aʻe ma luna o ke kua i hoʻopili ʻia, a holo ka pepa holoʻokoʻa ma o ka mea hoʻopalapala kelu i ka lua o ka manawa. ʻO ka hope, kau ʻia ka veneer maka ma luna o ke kumu i hoʻopili ʻia, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka pepa me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe e kali ana e hele i ka paʻi.
13 Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pepa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi kaomi wela nui. Hiki i nā paʻi ke hoʻopaʻa i 20-40 mau ʻāpana i ka manawa, me kēlā me kēia pepa i hoʻouka ʻia i kahi pahu kaʻawale. Ke hoʻouka ʻia nā pepa a pau, hoʻopili ka paʻi iā lākou ma lalo o ke kaomi ma kahi o 110-200 psi (7.6-13.8 bar), ʻoiai i ka manawa like e hoʻomehana iā lākou i kahi mahana ma kahi o 230-315 ° F (109.9-157.2 ° C). ʻO ke kaomi e hōʻoia i ka pilina maikaʻi ma waena o nā ʻāpana o ka veneer, a ʻo ka wela e hoʻōla pono ai ke kāpili no ka ikaika loa. Ma hope o ka manawa o 2-7 mau minuke, wehe ʻia ka paʻi a wehe ʻia nā pepa.
14 A laila hele nā ʻāpana ʻōpala i kahi pūʻulu pahi, a ʻokiʻoki iā lākou a hiki i ko lākou laula hope a me ka lōʻihi. E hele ana nā pepa papa kiʻekiʻe ma waena o nā ʻeke kāʻei ākea 4 ft (1.2 m), e one i ka maka a me ke kua. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe lima ʻia nā pepa papa waena e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā wahi ʻino. Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi mau lau ma o kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻili ʻili pōʻai, kahi e ʻoki ai i nā awāwa pāpaʻu i ka maka e hāʻawi i ka lāʻau i kahi hiʻohiʻona. Ma hope o ka nānā hope ʻana, hoʻoponopono ʻia nā hemahema i koe.
15 Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā pepa i hoʻopau ʻia me kahi māka kūʻai kula e hāʻawi i ka mea kūʻai aku i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka helu hoʻolaha, ka helu, ka helu wili, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā pepa o ka māka kūʻai like ʻole i nā pūʻulu a neʻe i ka hale kūʻai e kali ai i ka hoʻouna ʻana.
E like me ka lāʻau, ʻaʻohe mea e like me kahi ʻāpana lāʻau kūpono. Loaʻa i nā ʻāpana lāʻau āpau kekahi mau hemahema. ʻO ka helu a me ka wahi o kēia mau hemahema e hoʻoholo ai i ka pae o ka plywood. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā kūlana no ke kūkulu ʻana a me nā lāʻau lāʻau ʻoihana e Product Standard PS1 i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka National Bureau of Standards a me ka American Plywood Association. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā kūlana no ka lāʻau paʻa a me ka lāʻau hoʻonani e ANSIIHPMA HP i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka American National Standards Institute a me ka Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers' Association. ʻAʻole kēia mau maʻamau e hoʻokumu wale i nā ʻōnaehana grading no ka plywood, akā ua kuhikuhi pū kekahi i ke kūkulu ʻana, ka hana, a me nā pae hoʻohana.
ʻOiai e hoʻohana maikaʻi ana ka plywood i nā kumulāʻau—ʻo ia hoʻi ka wehe ʻana iā lākou a hoʻihoʻi hou iā lākou i kahi hoʻonohonoho ʻoi aku ka ikaika a ʻoi aku ka hoʻohana ʻana-he nui ka ʻōpala i loko o ke kaʻina hana. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ma kahi o 50-75% wale nō o ka nui o ka lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kahi lāʻau i hoʻololi ʻia i plywood. No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kēia helu, ke kūkulu ʻia nei kekahi mau huahana hou.
Hoʻokahi huahana hou i kapa ʻia ʻo oriented strand board, i hana ʻia ma ka ʻoki ʻana i ka lāʻau holoʻokoʻa i loko o nā kaula, ma mua o ka ʻili ʻana i kahi veneer mai ka lāʻau a hoʻolei i ke kumu. Hoʻopili ʻia nā kaula me kahi mea hoʻopili a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā papa me ka ʻai e holo ana i hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia mau papa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā kihi ʻākau kekahi i kekahi, e like me ka plywood, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Ua like ka ikaika o ka papa strand board e like me ka plywood a emi iki ke kumu kūʻai.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-10-2021